Spory o\u00a0to, jestli se n\u011bco m\u00e1 \u201espr\u00e1vn\u011b\u201c pova\u017eovat za ovoce, nebo\nzeleninu, jsou prastar\u00e9 a v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9. Intuitivn\u011b m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd jasno, hlavn\u011b\nu\u00a0t\u011bch extr\u00e9mn\u011b opa\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f: mrkev a zel\u00ed jsou jasn\u00e1 zelenina,\njabko nebo malina jsou bezesporu ovoce. Ale mezi nimi je \u0161ed\u00e1 z\u00f3na, kde u\u017e\nm\u016f\u017eeme za\u010d\u00edt t\u00e1pat. Je meloun ovoce? Je raj\u010de zelenina?<\/p>\n\n
V\u00a0prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b je hlavn\u00ed si \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee tahle ot\u00e1zka nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dnou jasnou\na jednozna\u010dnou odpov\u011b\u010f. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed definice ovoce a zeleniny\nuznan\u00e1 OSN a ratifikovan\u00e1 v\u0161emi akademiemi sv\u011bta neexistuje. Jinak ch\u00e1pou\ntohle d\u011blen\u00ed botanici, jinak zem\u011bd\u011blci, jinak zahradn\u00edci, jinak kucha\u0159i,\njinak politici, jinak celn\u00edci, jinak\u00a0d\u011bti\u2026<\/p>\n\n
Podle m\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hlavu a patu m\u00e1 nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u011blen\u00ed, kter\u00e9\nnajdeme i\u00a0v\u00a0encyklopedi\u00edch a u\u010debnic\u00edch (zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno): za\nzeleninu pova\u017eujeme jedl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti jedno- a dvoulet\u00fdch rostlin (v\u010detn\u011b\nplod\u016f), za ovoce pak plody rostlin v\u00edcelet\u00fdch. S\u00a0t\u00edmto pohledem si celkem\nslu\u0161n\u011b vysta\u010d\u00edme na v\u011bt\u0161inu zelin\u00e1\u0159sko-ovocn\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 produkce, daj\u00ed na\ntom konstruovat z\u00e1kony a cla (kdy\u017e u\u017e to n\u011bkdo nezbytn\u011b pot\u0159ebuje d\u011blat),\nd\u00e1v\u00e1 to celkem smysl. Ko\u0159eny, bulvy a listy j\u00edme obvykle jen z\u00a0\u010derstv\u011b\nvyra\u0161en\u00fdch rostlinek, plody zase skl\u00edz\u00edme obvykle ze strom\u016f a ke\u0159\u016f\ni\u00a0mnoho let star\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n
Jen\u017ee po\u0159\u00e1d to m\u00e1 spoustu h\u00e1\u010dk\u016f. T\u0159eba takov\u00e1 \u010dele\u010f\nlilkovit\u00fdch<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 to jsou jednolet\u00e9 byliny, ale i\u00a0vytrval\u00e9 ke\u0159e\nnebo li\u00e1ny. Vezm\u011bme si n\u011bkter\u00e9 nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1stupce t\u00e9to \u010deledi,\nt\u0159eba brambor, lilek (bakla\u017e\u00e1n), paprika, raj\u010de, mochyn\u011b, kustovnice\n(goji). Zleva doprava od jasn\u00e9 zeleniny po jasn\u00e9 ovoce, \u0159eklo by se. Ale\ncopak opravdu n\u011bkdo soudn\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee pova\u017eovat papriky a raj\u010data za ovoce? Jako\nv\u00e1\u017en\u011b? Jenom\u017ee popravd\u011b, mnoh\u00e9 druhy paprik se v\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u00ed pravlasti\np\u011bstuj\u00ed jako vytrval\u00e9 ke\u0159e, z\u00a0nich\u017e se plody \u010de\u0161ou ka\u017ed\u00fd rok jako\ntrh\u00e1me jabka. Raj\u010de je z\u00a0podstaty vytvrval\u00e1 li\u00e1na schopn\u00e1 r\u016fst a plodit\ndlouh\u00e9 roky. Jsou to v\u00a0podstat\u011b bobule. A\u00a0dok\u00e1\u017eou b\u00fdt slad\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e\nlecjak\u00e9 jablko nebo hrozny\u2026<\/p>\n\n Tak\u017ee ano, technicky to smysl d\u00e1v\u00e1 a pokud to m\u00e1 pro n\u011bkoho smysl\ni\u00a0praktick\u00fd, je naprosto f\u00e9r \u0159\u00edkat i\u00a0raj\u010dat\u016fm a paprik\u00e1m ovoce. Jin\u00e1\nv\u011bc je, \u017ee pro v\u011bt\u0161inu lid\u00ed tohle praktick\u00e9 nen\u00ed v\u016fbec a daj\u00ed p\u0159ednost\nn\u011bjak\u00e9mu p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu zahradnicko-kucha\u0159sk\u00e9mu d\u011blen\u00ed, dle n\u011bho\u017e se\ntradi\u010dn\u011b papriky a raj\u010data pova\u017euj\u00ed za zeleninu (proto\u017ee je konzumujeme na\nslano a ned\u00e1v\u00e1me je moc \u010dasto do dezert\u016f). Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed i\u00a0na tohle je dobr\u00e1\nkli\u010dka. Proto\u017ee a\u010dkoli se jedn\u00e1 o\u00a0potenci\u00e1ln\u011b vytrval\u00e9 rostliny, my jsme\nzvykl\u00ed je p\u011bstovat jako jednolet\u00e9, a tud\u00ed\u017e je m\u016f\u017eeme pova\u017eovat za\nzeleninu.<\/p>\n\n Tohle d\u011blen\u00ed se v\u00a0praxi opravdu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nej\u010dast\u011bji\u00a0\u2013 hlavn\u011b\nproto, \u017ee d\u00e1v\u00e1 jak\u00fds tak\u00fds smysl a sou\u010dasn\u011b je rozumn\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b\ndefinovateln\u00e9. Ovoce jsou plody strom\u016f, ke\u0159\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch vytrval\u00fdch\nrostlin, zbytek je zelenina (ot\u00e1zku o\u0159ech\u016f, semen, hl\u00edz, v\u00fdhonk\u016f,\nkl\u00ed\u010dk\u016f atd. ale rad\u011bji v\u00a0z\u00e1jmu du\u0161evn\u00edho zdrav\u00ed ponechme stranou).\nCelkem logicky pak t\u0159eba i\u00a0v\u0161echny tykvovit\u00e9 plody jsou zelenina: okurky,\ncukety, d\u00fdn\u011b\u00a0\u2013 ale i\u00a0t\u00edm p\u00e1dem i\u00a0melouny, to je asi nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed\nz\u00e1drhel, se kter\u00fdm se \u010dlov\u011bk u\u00a0t\u00e9hle definice mus\u00ed sm\u00ed\u0159it. Ale s\u00a0t\u00edm\nse docela d\u00e1 \u017e\u00edt. A\u00a0jsou definice a rozd\u011blen\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed, pro r\u016fzn\u00e9\n\u00fa\u010dely\u00a0\u2013 a znovu je pot\u0159eba zopakovat: pokud se to n\u011bkomu k\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00e9mu\n\u00fa\u010delu hod\u00ed, a\u0165 m\u00e1 tedy raj\u010de a meloun za ovoce a t\u0159eba jahodu a ananas za\nzeleninu (mo\u017en\u00e1 i\u00a0takov\u00e1 kategorizace existuje). Pro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed to\nale moc praktick\u00e9 nen\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 j\u00e1 pova\u017euju za v\u00fdhodn\u00e9, \u017ee to obvykl\u00e9\nd\u011blen\u00ed koresponduje i\u00a0s\u00a0obvykl\u00fdmi zahradnicko-zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edstupy a\ntypick\u00fdm kuchy\u0148sk\u00fdm u\u017eit\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n Dlouho mi ov\u0161em vrtalo hlavou \u00fadajn\u00e9 \u201ebotanick\u00e9 d\u011blen\u00ed\u201c, kter\u00fdm se\nmnoh\u00e9 zdroje oh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed a podle n\u011bj\u017e se za ovoce pova\u017euje ka\u017ed\u00fd plod\nobsahuj\u00edc\u00ed semena. Tedy i\u00a0papriky, okurky nebo hr\u00e1\u0161ek. To ned\u00e1v\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd\nvelk\u00fd smysl, a hlavn\u011b pro botaniky samotn\u00e9\u00a0\u2013 ti rozli\u0161uj\u00ed u\u00a0rostlin\nspoustu kategori\u00ed a parametr\u016f, a n\u011bjak\u00e9 d\u011blen\u00ed na ovoce a zeleninu je\nz\u00a0pohledu botanika naprosto irelevantn\u00ed. Nakonec jsem na to p\u0159i\u0161el, kdy\u017e\njsem za\u010dal d\u016fkladn\u011bji porovn\u00e1vat \u010desk\u00e9 a zahrani\u010dn\u00ed zdroje. Ono to\n\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed se jednodu\u0161e skr\u00fdv\u00e1 jenom v\u00a0chyb\u011b p\u0159ekladu. Proto\u017ee anglick\u00e9\nslovo fruit<\/em> znamen\u00e1 sice i\u00a0ovoce, ale hlavn\u011b obecn\u011b plod<\/em>.\nTak\u017ee v\u00a0angli\u010dtin\u011b je zcela srozumiteln\u00e1 a smyslupln\u00e1 definice, \u017ee\n\u201efruit<\/em> jsou \u010d\u00e1sti rostlin obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed semena\u201c. Jenom to nen\u00ed\ndefinice ovoce, ale definice plodu<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n Pro anglick\u00e9 mluv\u010d\u00ed jsou pak pochopiteln\u011b diskuse o\u00a0tom, co je\nfruit<\/em>, na \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00e9 \u00farovni\u00a0\u2013 proto\u017ee pro n\u011b to je\ndvojzna\u010dn\u00e9 slovo, se dv\u011bma dost odli\u0161n\u00fdmi v\u00fdznamy. A\u00a0m\u016f\u017eou se o\u00a0tom\ndohadovat \u00fapln\u011b jinak ne\u017e my a chytat se za slov\u00ed\u010dka (proto\u017ee ano: a\ntomato is a fruit, bez diskuse)\u00a0\u2013 ale my m\u00e1me dv\u011b r\u016fzn\u00e1 slova,\novoce<\/em> a plod<\/em> v\u00a0naprosto odli\u0161n\u00fdch a sv\u00e9bytn\u00fdch\nv\u00fdznamech, pro n\u00e1s je celkem z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl \u0159\u00edct raj\u010de je plod<\/em>\na raj\u010de je ovoce<\/em>, to jsou dv\u011b zcela odli\u0161n\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed. Bohu\u017eel\ntahle chyba p\u0159ekladu se po \u010desk\u00fdch \u0161patn\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch tak rozlezla a\nzako\u0159enila, \u017ee spousta lid\u00ed zcela v\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u011b\u0159\u00ed tomu, \u017ee botanici d\u011bl\u00ed\novoce a zeleninu pr\u00e1v\u011b takhle. Co\u017e nen\u00ed pravda, ned\u011bl\u00ed. Botanici pojmy\novoce a zelenina v\u016fbec ne\u0159e\u0161\u00ed, z\u00a0biologick\u00e9ho hlediska takov\u00e9 kategorie\nv\u016fbec neexistuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n Ale s\u00a0jakoukoli definic\u00ed v\u017edycky z\u016fstane n\u011bjak\u00e1 sporn\u00e1 \u0161ed\u00e1\nz\u00f3na<\/em>, o\u00a0kterou se budou ti, kter\u00fdch se to n\u011bjak z\u00e1sadn\u011bji t\u00fdk\u00e1,\np\u0159\u00edt a klidn\u011b i\u00a0soudit. Ano, jsou p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy o\u00a0tom, jestli jsou\nraj\u010data nebo melouny ovocem nebo zeleninou (v\u011bt\u0161inou kv\u016fli ot\u00e1zce cel a\ndan\u00ed), rozhoduj\u00ed jednodu\u0161e soudy. Nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a docela typick\u00fd je\np\u0159\u00edklad z\u00a0USA, p\u0159\u00edpad Nix. v. Hedden<\/em> z\u00a0roku 1893, kdy americk\u00fd\nNejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud rozhodl, \u017ee raj\u010de bude nad\u00e1le pova\u017eov\u00e1no za zeleninu\n(s\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm importn\u00edm clem) a nikoli ovoce (s\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm clem). Tady pr\u00e1v\u011b\nsoud \u0159e\u0161il zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd ryze anglick\u00fd jazykov\u00fd probl\u00e9m, proto\u017ee tehdej\u0161\u00ed\nceln\u00ed z\u00e1kon rozli\u0161oval plody<\/em> a ostatn\u00ed rostlinn\u00e9 potraviny a\nraj\u010de je fruit<\/em> (my\u0161leno plod<\/em>), ale podle v\u00fdroku soudu bude\nnad\u00e1le pova\u017eov\u00e1n za zeleninu pro sv\u00e9 obvykl\u00e9 kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n V\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed v\u00a0tom m\u00e1 nicm\u00e9n\u011b jasno intuitivn\u011b\u00a0\u2013 a rozhodn\u011b m\u00e1\nv\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed mnohem men\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m \u0159\u00edkat melounu ovoce (proto\u017ee je sakra\np\u0159ece sladk\u00fd) ne\u017e naz\u00fdvat ovocem raj\u010de (proto\u017ee si ho p\u0159ece sol\u00edme a\nd\u00e1v\u00e1me do sal\u00e1t\u016f a na \u0161pagety). A\u00a0pokud dojde k\u00a0situaci, \u017ee\nz\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu najednou pot\u0159ebujeme tyhle kategorie n\u011bjak exaktn\u011bji\nrozli\u0161ovat\u00a0\u2013 z\u00a0obchodn\u00edch, pr\u00e1vn\u00edch, pl\u00e1novac\u00edch apod. d\u016fvod\u016f\u00a0\u2013\nstejn\u011b n\u00e1m bude vnucena n\u011bjak\u00e1 metrika zven\u010d\u00ed, n\u011bjak\u00e1 definice d\u00e1vno\nzaveden\u00e1 pro dan\u00fd \u00fa\u010del, kterou n\u00e1m nezbude ne\u017e pou\u017e\u00edt. A\u00a0pova\u017eovat pro\ndan\u00fd \u00fa\u010del t\u0159eba melouny za ovoce a jahody za zeleninu. Akor\u00e1t\nv\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy by mi n\u011bkdo nutil to domn\u011bl\u00e9 \u201ebotanick\u00e9 d\u011blen\u00ed\u201c a\nsna\u017eil se mi tvrdit, \u017ee ovoce je v\u0161echno, co m\u00e1 sem\u00ednka, bych se asi\nbr\u00e1nil, proto\u017ee to nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 definice, ale pouh\u00fd omyl, kter\u00fd ned\u00e1v\u00e1\nmoc smysl. Nanejv\u00fd\u0161 bych si ov\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee se doty\u010dn\u00fd nechce bavit\no\u00a0ovoci<\/em>, ale jak\u00fdchkoli plodech<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n (Toto je z\u00e1loha Spory o\u00a0to, jestli se n\u011bco m\u00e1 \u201espr\u00e1vn\u011b\u201c pova\u017eovat za ovoce, nebo zeleninu, jsou prastar\u00e9 a v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9. Intuitivn\u011b m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd jasno, hlavn\u011b u\u00a0t\u011bch extr\u00e9mn\u011b opa\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f: mrkev a zel\u00ed jsou jasn\u00e1 zelenina, jabko nebo malina jsou bezesporu ovoce. Ale mezi nimi je \u0161ed\u00e1 z\u00f3na, kde u\u017e m\u016f\u017eeme za\u010d\u00edt t\u00e1pat. Je meloun ovoce? Je raj\u010de zelenina? V\u00a0prv\u00e9 … Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed textu Ovoce, nebo zelenina?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-688","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-poznamky-z-fb"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/688","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=688"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/688\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":689,"href":"https:\/\/pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/688\/revisions\/689"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=688"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=688"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=688"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Botanick\u00e9 d\u011blen\u00ed?<\/h3>\n\n
\u0160ed\u00e1 z\u00f3na nav\u017edy<\/h3>\n\n